WHAT IS PORT ?
A port is a facility for receiving ships and transferring cargo. They are usually found at the edge of an ocean, sea, river, or lake. Ports often have cargo-handling equipment such as cranes (operated by longshoremen) and forklifts for use in loading/unloading of ships, which may be provided by private interests or public bodies. Often, canneries or other processing facilities will be located near by. Harbour pilots and tugboats are often used to maneuver large ships in tight quarters as they approach and leave the docks. Ports which handle international traffic have customs facilities.
The terms "port" and "seaport" are used for ports that handle ocean-going vessels, and "river port" is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow draft vessels. Some ports on a lake, river, or canal have access to a sea or ocean, and are sometimes called "inland ports". A "fishing port" is a type of port or harbor facility particularly suitable for landing and distributing fish. A "dry port" is a term sometimes used to describe a yard used to place containers or conventional bulk cargo, usually connected to a seaport by rail or road. A "warm water port" is a port where the water does not freeze in winter. Because they are available year-round, warm water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest, with the ports of Saint Petersburg and Valdez being notable examples. A "port of call" is an intermediate stop, for example to collect supplies or fuel.
Cargo containers allow efficient transport and distribution by eliminating loading of smaller packages at each transportation point, and allowing the shipping unit to be sealed for its entire journey. Standard containers can easily be loaded on a ship, train, truck, or airplane, greatly simplifying intermodal transfers. Cargo often arrives by train and truck to be consolidated at a port and loaded onto a large container ship for international transport. At the destination port, it is distributed by ground transport
THE MAJOR PORTS IN THE WORLD IS:-
As we know that the world is made of 33% land and 66% water it menas most of the land area is surrounded by water,so there is so many ports in the world some the major ports are Singapore,Bostan,New York,Dubai,Bombay,Los angles,Durban,VIGO,Hong kong etc.
MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA:-
The management and development of the major ports in the country are controlled by the central government through respective port trusts. Minor ports are controlled by state governments.
• India currently has 12 major ports and 184 minor /intermediate ports spread across the vast coastline of 7517 kms. They handle almost 90 per cent of India’s total foreign trade.
• The total cargo volume handled by major ports has increased from around 157.5 million tonnes in 1992 to over 288 million tonnes in 2001-02. This accounts for almost 76 per cent while the remaining 24 per cent is handled by the minor ports. Liquid and dry bulk cargo constitutes about 83 per cent of the total volume of traffic handled. Container and general cargo comprise the remaining.
• The current handling capacity of the major ports in the country is around 344 million tonnes. This has been achieved through construction of a new port at Ennore and a mechanised coal handling facility at Paradip. These two facilities entailed an investment of around US$ 394 million.
(INDIA’S MAJOR PORTS)
India has eleven major sea ports: Kandla, Bombay, Nhava Sheva, Marmagao, New Mangalore, and Kochi (formerly known as Cochin) on the west coast, and Calcutta-Haldia, Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Madras, and Tuticorin on the east coast. The port at Nhava Sheva, located across the harbor from Bombay Port, was established in 1982 under the administration of the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust as a separate port rather than an adjunct to Bombay. The eleven ports in India are the responsibility of the Ministry of State for Surface Transport but are managed by semi-independent port trusts overseen by boards appointed by the ministry from government departments, including the navy, port labor and industry, and ship owners and shipping companies.
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1).Chennai (oldest and artificial):-
History:-
Chennai Port, is more than a century old artificial port, and located in Chennai, South India, is one of the major ports on the Coromandel coast of India. The initial piers were built in 1861, but the storms of 1868 and 1872 made them inoperative. So the Masonry work for L shaped breakwaters was started in 1876, but the storm of 1881 completely washed the almost completed harbour. The Chennai Port Trust has taken the year of rebuilding 1881 as the starting year and is now celebrating its 125th anniversary. The port's quays (berths) were constructed at different periods — the South Quay I in 1913, the five West Quay berths between 1916 and 1920, the North Quay in 1931 and the South Quay II in 1936, in the Inner Harbour, later christened Dr Ambedkar Dock.
From 1881 to 1945, the cargo handled in Madras port varied from 0.5 million tonnes to 1 million tonnes. By 1979-80, the traffic touched 10 million tonnes, and increased to 15 million tonnes in 1984-85. By 1991-92, the volume was 25 million tonnes, touching 41 million tonnes in 2000-01. Though there was a slump in the next three years, the port recovered, to handle 47.25 million tonnes in 2005-06. In the current fiscal, the cargo handled is expected to cross 50 million tonnes. The car exports from this port are expected to touch 300,000 by 2008.
Operations
Chennai Port has 21 alongside berths in the 3 Docks viz., Dr.Ambedkar Dock, satabt Jawahar Dock, Bharathi Dock and Container Terminal. Chennai Port handles a variety of cargo including iron ore, coal, granite, fertilizers, petroleum products, containers, automobiles and several other types of general cargo items. Due to the increase in container traffic, its second container terminal is being planned based on a build and operate model. [2] It has asked for support for a mega container terminal. The terminal would be the first deep water terminal of its kind in India and would be able to handle ultra-large container ships of 13,000-15,000 TEUS capacity and length exceeding 400 metres[3]. The management of the container terminal was taken over by P&O Ports of Australia. This has a volume growth of 20% per year and has 59% of the market share of South India. It has services to Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Korea, China, Mediterranean, Europe, Australia and the US.
2)KOLKATA PORT:-
Port of Kolkata is a riverine port in the city of Kolkata, India. It is the oldest operating port in India, having originally been constructed by the British East India Company.
The Port has two distinct dock systems - Kolkata Docks at Kolkata and a deep water dock at Haldia Dock Complex, Haldia.
In the 19th century Kolkata Port was the premier port in British India. After independence its importance decreased because of factors including the Partition of Bengal (1947), reduction in size of the port hinterland and economic stagnation in eastern India. In the 21st century due to the east Indian economic recovery and infrastructure improvements, the port grew swiftly to become the nation's second largest container port. It was one of India's fastest growing ports in 2004-05.
Aerial picture of the Calcutta Port in 1945
Dock systems
The Kolkata Port Trust manages two separate dock agglomerations - the Kolkata Dock System (KDS) and the Haldia Dock Complex (HDC).
Kolkata Dock System(KDS)
It is situated on the left bank of the Hooghly River at 22° 32' 53" N, 88° 18' 5" E — about 203 km (126 miles) upstream from the sea. The pilotage station is at Gasper/ Saugor roads, 145 Kilometers to the south of the KDS (around 58 km from the sea). The system consists of:
Kidderpore Docks (K.P. Docks) : 18 Berths, 6 Buoys / Moorings and 3 Dry Docks
Netaji Subhas Docks (N.S. Docks): 10 Berths, 2 Buoys / Moorings and 2 Dry Docks
Budge Budge River Moorings : 6 Petroleum Wharves
Anchorages : Diamond Harbour — 1. Saugor Road 2. Sandheads
Apart from this, there are around 80 major riverine jetties, and many minor jetties, and a large number of ship breaking berths.
It is situated at 22°02' N, 88°06 E — 60 kilometers away from the pilotage station. The complex consists of:
Impounded Dock. System with 12 Berths
3 Oil Jetties in the River
3 Barge Jetties in the River for handling Oil carried by Barges.
Haldia Anchorage for LASH vessels
All the docks are impounded dock systems with locks from river.
3) MANGLORE PORT:-
Sea entrance to Mangalore Harbour
New Mangalore Port known by the name of New Mangalore Port Trust ( NMPT ) is the only major port of Karnataka and is currently the ninth largest port in India. It was formally inaugurated on May 4, 1974 by the then prime minister Indira Gandhi. The construction began in 1962. The port is situated at Panambur, Mangalore on the west cost of India.It is situated to north of confluence of Gurupura( Phalguni ) river to Arabian sea .It is 170 nautical miles (310 km) south of Mormugao Port & 191 nautical miles (354 km) north of Kochi Port. The port situated in Panambur is called New Mangalore Port, as there is an old harbour or port located in Mangalore city which is called by Mangalore bunder or Hale bunder. The old harbour is located to south of New mangalore port. Old port is now being used for fishing and for ferrying small goods.
The national highway 17 ( NH-17 )passes adjoining the port. The nearest railway station is Thokur, but passengers have to alight at Suratkal Railway station which is on Konkan railway route .The Surathkal railway station is approximately 6 kilometres from the New Mangalore port.
The port serves hinterland of Karnataka state and to some extent state of Kerala. The major commodities exported through the port are Iron Ore concentrates & pellets, Iron Ore fines, manganese,granite stones, coffee,cashew and containerized cargo. The major imports of the port are crude and petroleum products, LPG, wood pulp, timber logs, finished fertilizers, liquid ammonia, phosphoric acid, other liquid chemicals, containerized cargo, etc.
4) GOA:-
At the time of its commissioning in 1888, the Mormugao Port comprised of 3 berths along with a breakwater having a length of 358 meters. As the years rolled by, the infrastructure slowly kept growing. By 1922, Berths 4 and 5 were built and the breakwater was extended to its present length of 522.40 meters. A mole of 270 meters was added.
Mormugao Port, went through a fair amount of change as the emphasis shifted to development of infrastructure. A couple of years after liberation, the port was delinked from the Railway management. The main railway section from Vasco da Gama to the border of Goa was transferred to the Southern Railways. The Port however, operated its own railway system between Vasco da Gama interchange point and the harbour area.
DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION
Major developments of the Port were taken up only after it became a Major Port. A number of developmental projects were implemented under the various Five Year Plans of the Government of India. Consequently, a dedicated mineral oil berth, berth No. 8 was constructed in 1976. Later on as the general cargo traffic was gradually picking up in the Port, a number of schemes were implemented with a view to augment the general cargo handling facilities at the Port. Two multi-purpose general cargo berths, berth No.10 and No. 11 having draft of 11.00 mts and 12.50 mts were constructed and commissioned in 1985 and 1994 respectively. Meanwhile the Mechanical Ore Handling Plant installed in 1959 at Berth No. 6 was de-commissioned in 1992 due to obsolesce. The age old berths 1 to 3 were leased out to a private company, Western India Shipyard Ltd, for installing a modern ship repair facility, which was commissioned in 1995. In 1997, the metre guage railway of the Port linking to the south Central Railway was converted to broad guage. By this, the Mormugao Port is now accessible for any part of the country through the broad guage railway system.
5) Visakhapatnam Port:-
Visakhapatnam Port is located between Kolkata and Chennai on the Bay of Bengal coast. The port handles domestic and international trade. Visakhapatnam city is a major city on the eastern coast of India.
Visakhapatnam Port contains 22 berths including ore berths, off shore oil tanker terminal, LPG berth, container terminal and two moorings. It has
6) JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT:-
HISTORY:-
JNPT also known as Nhava Sewa is a port in Maharashtra (Western India) bordered by Arabian Sea. This is one of the major ports in India named after the first PM of India Dr.Jwahar lal Nehru. It is the busiest port in India. This port is operated by J.N.P.T. trust which is entrusted with the operations of carrying out various shipping operations in Maharashtra.
NAVIGATION INFORMATION
PORT DESCRIPTION:
LOCATION :The port is situated along the eastern shore of Bombay harbour, SE of Elephanta island.
| LATITUDE | 18 DEG 57 N |
| LONGITUDE | 72 DEG 58 E |
| TIME ZONE | GMT + 5.5 |
| MAX. DRAFT | 12.5 |
GENERAL OVERVIEW:
The Port was commissioned in 1989.It is an all weather tidal port sheltered from wind and wave effects.
It has container berths which can handle 3rd genration cellular,gearless vessels as well as modern specialised ships such as car carriers.
There are 2 bulk berths which can handle vessels up to 80,000dwt.
Main cargoes handled are fertilizers, raw materials and food grains.
TRAFFIC FIGURES:
Annual container throughput is approx 180,000 TEUs dry bulk thoughput amounts to approx 3,500,00t annually.
NAVIGATION
SEA BUOY,FAIRWAYS AND CHANNELS : The Port shares a common channel with Bombay Port to the point of access to the south elephanta channel.
The Navigational channel is buoyed and 2 transit lights demark the centre of the approach channel ,is compulsory for all vessels above 100NRT.
The Pilot Boarding/Embarking area is approx. 1NM W of the Bombay Pilot Boarding area.the port has 3 pilot launches fitted with radar and vhf.
FACILITIES:
BULK TERMINAL:
Two grab unloaders with a unit capacity of 400cu m/hr;
Two continous unloaders with a unit capacity of 450cu m/hr
CONTAINER TERMINAL :
Three rail mounted quay cranes with 35.5T capacity under spreader with a 32.5 outreach from the fenders.a further 2 cranes should be in use by AUG 1995.
There are 11 rubber tyred gantry (RTG) cranes of 35.5T capacity including 3 RTG’S leased for a 10yr period . rail mounted gantry crane with 35.5T capacity is used for loading and unloading containers to/from container flats.
GENERAL INFORMATION
BUNKERS/WATER/STORES: Bunkers and Water available from fixed pipes/hoses at all berth.
TRANSPORT: ROADS: The Port is directly connect to state hwy 41 which connects to nation hwy no .4 a further hwy ,4b,is connected to the port.
NEAREST RAILWAY: Both the bulk and container terminal are linked with central railway panvel station which has links with all parts of the country.
7) KANDLA PORT TRUST :-
HISTORY:-
Kandla Port ,one of the 12 major ports in India has created history by creating a record volume of 52.98 mmt during the fiscal 2006- 07. The port has a humble saga of contributing significantly to the international maritime transport for the past 50 years. As a humble beginning in year by the great visionary the late Maharao Khengarjii (3) of the princely state of Kutch for a deep draught closed port in his kingdom, the port of Kandla came into existence in the year 1931 with a single pier construction.
Due to the loss of Karachi port after the post independence period the onus of entire Indian Port was shifted putting tremendous strain on Mumbai port facilities. Under the inspirational leadership of the iron man of India – Sardar Vallabhai Patel, the Indian Government on 17 Feb. 1948 constituted an expert committee known as the Western Coast Major Port Development Committee to explore the possibilities of establishing a deep sea port to cater the vast hinterland comprising the north western states of India.
LOCATION:-
The major port of Kandla is situated 90 kms. off the mouth of Gulf of Kutch
Longitude 70˚13’ E is the only major port in the Gujarat coastline along the west coast of the country. Among the 12 major ports in the country Kandla occupies an enviable position both in terms of international maritime trade tonnage handled and financial stability.
NAVIGATION FACILITIES: -
The navigational facilities may be listed as follows:-
Round the clock navigation.
Permissible draught -12.6 m
Ships with overall length 240 m and 65,000dwt. handled.
Safe, protected & vast anchorage for lighterage purpose.
Light house to aid night navigation.
Fully equipped signal station.
Four lighted shore beacons.
BERTHING INFORMATION:-
The Berthing information may be as follows:-
Container Berth :- 2 Berths at Ernakulum
Tanker Berth :- North tanker berth: Max LOA 213 m, max.draft 9.14m
Mooring Berth :- Max. LOA 213 m.
Cargo: - Bulk (dry and liquid), break bulk and containerized cargo handled.
8) TUTOCORIN PORT TRUST:-
HISTORY:
Tuticorin has been a centre for maritime trade and pearl fishery for more than a century. The natural harbour with a rich hinterland activated the development of the Port, initially with wooden piers and iron screw pile pier and connections to the railways. Tuticorin was declared as a minor anchorage port in 1868. Since then there have been various developments over the years.
Tuticorin became the citadel of the freedom struggle in the early 20th century. In 1906, one of the greatest freedom fighters of India, Mr. V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, launched the first swadeshi ship "S.S. Gaelia" in British India.
After Independence, the minor Port of Tuticorin witnessed a flourishing trade and handled a variety of cargo meant for the neighbouring countries of Sri Lanka, Maldives etc. and the coastal regions of India.
Port description:
Location:
The port of tuticorin lies on the SE tip of India in tamilnadu state on the west side of the Gulf of Mannar.
| LATITUDE | 08°45´N |
| LONGITUDE | 078°18´E |
| MAX DRAFT | 8.24m |
General overview: An artificial harbour has been created by two breakwaters providing a shelter.
Principal exports: salt, cotton yarn and clean waste, dried fish and cement.
Imports: Coal, machinery ,raw cotton ,wheat ,timber and fertilizers .
Traffic figure: over 4,000,000t of cargo and 7200 TEU´S are handled annually.
Max size: Largest Vessel handled Sagay Stoves a 64,535 DWT bulk carrier.
Berthing information: There are six berths .There are coal jetty consisting of conveyers and hoppers. Container berths, tanker berths are also available .
Storage: three ware houses of total space 15550sq m,2 transit sheds of 733 sq m are provided.Open storage space of 24000sq m is also available.
Facilities: Twelve cranes, hospital, freshwater, coal jetties and bunkering also available.
Transport Available: Nearest airport 150km Madurai airport ,railway 11km.
9) MORMUGAO PORT TRUST
PORT DESCRIPTION
LOCATION:-
Mormugao Port is situated on the west coast of south Mumbai, on the NE side of Mormugao Head. The location of the port in terms of
Latitude is 15˚25’N and Longitude is 73˚47’E.
GENERAL OVERVIEW :
The port has accommodation for both general and bulk cargoes. There are mid stream buoy berth for vessels loading from lighters, such operations are restricted to certain sheltered parts of the harbor during the south west monsoon.
The principal exports in the port are iron ore ,other ores, alumina, sugar, etc. where as the principal imports are liquid chemicals, coal, coke, and fertilizers.
The traffic figure ranges between 16,000,000 – 18,000,000 tons of cargo which is handled annually. The iron ore exports constitute around 85% of the total quantity.
BERTHING INFORMATION :-
There are also 4 transfer vessels in the harbor for loading iron ore into larger ore into larger ore carriers in mid stream at the loading rates ranging from 12,000-22,000 tpd. The port also provides facilities for handling iron ore. The loading rate of cargo (iron ore) by MOHP is available at 8000 tph. There are private agencies for topping off lightering operations. Ballast also dedicated ballast tanks can be carried out at any time. Discharging ballast may only be carried out from dedicated ballast tank. From cargo tanks which have been thoroughly cleaned at sea before ballasting.
10) PARADIP PORT TRUST:-
PORT DESCRIPTION
LOCATION :-
Paradip is located on the western shore of the Bay of Bengal which is approximately 12 km from the mouth of the Mahanadi river. It is located in the state of Orissa which is the south eastern coast of India.
The location of this port in terms of:-
Latitude is 20 ̊15’ N
Longitude is 86 ̊ 40’ E
GENERAL OVERVIEW :-
The cargo handled by the port includes pig iron, food grains, iron ore coal, chrome ore, and manganese ore. The port also handles cargoes like limestone, fertilizer, phosphoric acid, and liquid ammonia. It is estimated that this port handles around approx 6,00,000 tons of cargo annually.
PILOT :-
The pilotage is compulsory and available throughout 24 hours. The pilot boarding place is 1.5nm ESE of yhe harbour entrance.
ANCHORAGE :-
An Anchorage for cargo vessels has been established in an area of radius 5 cables centered 2.5nm SE of the harbour entrance; tankers anchor 1nm ESE. The dock density is 1010-1022 with the prevailing winds of NE and SW monsoon.
TUGS :-
There are four tugs available which join the vessels just inside the approach channel.
BERTHING INFORMATION
NAMES/NOS. :-
The ore berth can handle bulk ore carriers from 60,000 DWT to 80,000 DWT. draft of up to 12.8m. A mechanical berth loader can load upto 2500 tph. One buoy berth and one stream berth are also available.
STORAGE :- Four tansit sheds with a total area of 17,140 sq. m are available at the general cargo berths and warehouses with a total area of 8968 sq.m are also available.
GENERAL INFORMATION
REPAIRS :- Available.
BUNKERS :- Fresh water available.
TRANSPORT :- Good connectivity to road, rail, and air.
11) COCHIN PORT-
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Flotilla
| Dredgers | 3 |
| Harbour Barge Complement For | 2 |
| Porcelain Excavator | 1 |
| Barge For Porcelain Excavator | 1 |
| Tugs(for shipping) | 5 |
| Mooring Launches | 5 |
| Pilot Launches | 3 |
| Small Tugs/Launches | 13 |
| Water Barges | 2 |
| Floating Crane(120 T) | 1 |
| Fire Float | 1 |
Cargo
| Break Bulk | Iron and Steel, Food Grains, Coffee, Marine Products, Cement, Sugar, News Print , Machinery, Raw Cashew, Tea, Spices, etc. |
| Dry Bulk | Fertilizers, Sulphur, Rock Phosphate, Coal, Zinc Concentrate, Clinker, Wheat, etc. |
| Liquid Bulk | Crude, POL, Phosphoric Acid, Liquid Ammonia, Cashew shell Liquid, Palm Oil, Palm Fatty Acid etc. |
BERTHING OF THE FIRST VLCC - STAR II -AT SINGLE POINT MOORING AT COCHIN PORT.30 JAN 2008
SALIENT FEATURES-
ü Central documentation centres
| ü For providing Single Window Clearance for exports. ü A veteran of 60 years, instrumental in the growth of Kerala state. ü Natural, all weather port. ü Deep drafted alongside berths with modern cargo handling equipments. ü Computerised Network communication facilities 12) ENNORE PORT:- LOCATION- 24 kilometer north of Chennai port (TamilNadu) COAST- East coast of india ( Cormanadal coast) LATITUDE- 130 5 minute North LONGITUDE- 800 17 minute East GOVERNING BODY- Ennore Port Nigam Limited. CHAIRMAN- DRAFT- 13 meters Apprx. CAPACITY- 11.56 million tonnes Ennore port was originally conceived as a satellite port to Chennai port primarily handled to thermal coal to meet the the requirement of Tami lnadu Electricity board.The scope was expanded taking into account of sub sequent development plans of Tamil nadu government. SALIENT FEATURES- ü Ennore port is the multi-fuctional energy port. ü Ennore port deals in Coal,LNG ,POL Crude, and chemicals. ü Facilitate Handymax vessel for unloading of thermal coal. ü Ennore port is the first Corporatised port in India. The first port in India handled by a Public sector unit. |
PRIVATE AND JOINT VENTURE PORT IN INDIA:-
Mudra port is india’s largest private port provide cargo handling and other services owned by adani logistics ltd. Situated at the far west coast of india.
Mundra Port & Special Economic Zone
Mundra Special Economic Zone (SEZ), promoted by the Adani Group, is located in Kutch District, Gujarat and is the largest SEZ of India. It is spread over an area of 100 sq. km. with the first phase area of 6893 acres, already notified by the Government of India. This makes Mundra SEZ the first Large Format Private SEZ to be notified by the Government of India.
Additional Infrastructure facilities are:
- Airport, Railway, Road & Sea routes for transportation - Developed land (leveled & landscaped) with boundary walls and street lights - Utilities – Power, Water, Gas, Telecom, Info-comm - Drainage, Sewage, Water Desalination & Recycling - Housing, Education, Healthcare & recreational facilities - Warehouses, Container freight stations - Testing & Certification labs - Silos, Cool & Cold storages
Mundra SEZ already has all the components of Multi-modal Logistical Linkages: Port:
Mundra Muti-purpose Terminal and Mundra International Container Terminal are an integral part of Mundra SEZ. Mundra Multi-purpose Terminal is operational since 1998 with a capacity of 12 MT p.a and the following facilities:
Mechanized Export Handling facilities Inward Conveyor Bleeding Line § Mechanized Import Handing facilities Mobile Harbour§Outward Conveyer System Other§ Port Storage Facilities Dry Bulk Cargo Liquid Cargo §Cranes Infrastructure Wheat Cleaning System Rice Sortex Machine
Road Mundra SEZ is linked to the National Highway through NH-8A ext. and State Highways SH-6 and SH-48.
Rail Mundra SEZ has its own 57-km long rail-link and an in-zone receipt and dispatch yard which is connected to the National Railway network. It has the shortest rail route from any Port to Northern India.
Air A fully functional airport at Bhuj is 65 km from Mundra SEZ. Kandla Airport is at distance of 55 km from Mundra Port (about 5 km from the notified Mundra SEZ bounda
Administrative structures of port and aspects of port functioning
port control
Port control,signal station,VTMS fire fitting unit flotilla
(tugs,pilot boat,mooring
boat,PCV)
Dredging departnent hydrographic survay dept.
Motor-boat : pollution control work-boat ECOCEANE CATAGLOP
ECOGLOP
Ecoglop, a real «go anywhere cleaner», is particularly adapted
to the cleaning of marinas, lakes, canals...
Its small size and its integrated wheels facilitate its launching.
It collects up floating solid waste, even in diffi cult-to-get-at areas :
- Solid floating waste (wood, plastics, polystyrene, algae...) is collected in a pivoting basket which is automatically emptied into an on board container.
- liquid floating waste (oils and hydrocarbons) are stored fl oating in a separator tank.
Motor-boat : pollution control work-boat ECOCEANE CATAGLOP
CATAGLOP XL
Cataglop XL is the latest edition of the range. It has been specially
designed to collect up marcro-waste and floating hydrocarbons in costal
areas up to 5 nautical miles from the shore, near beaches, rocky areas,
cliffs, etc...
It has a cruising speed of 5,5 knots.
It collects floating solid waste, even in diffi cult-to-get-at areas:
- Solid floating waste (wood, plastics, polystyrene, algae...) is collected in a pivoting basket which is automatically empted into an ondeck container.
- liquid floating waste (oils and hydrocarbons) is stored in a separator tank.
A TUG BOAT:-
A tugboat, or tug, is a boat used to maneuver, primarily by towing or pushing, other vessels (see shipping) in harbors, over the open sea or through rivers and canals. Tugboats are also used to tow barges, disabled ships, or other equipment like oil platforms.
Tugboats are quite strong for their size. Early tugboats had steam engines (see steamboat); today diesel engines are used. Tugboat engines typically produce 750 to 3,000 horsepower (500 to 2,000 kW), but larger boats (used in deep waters) can have power ratings up to 25,000 hp (20,000 kW) and usually have an extreme power:tonnage-ratio (normal cargo and passenger ships have a P:T-ratio (in kW:GRT, of 0.35-1.20, whereas large tugs typically are 2.20-4.50 and small harbour-tugs 4.0-9.5). The engines are often the same as those used in railroad locomotives, but typically drive the propeller mechanically instead of converting the engine output to power electric motors, as is common for railroad engines. For safety, tugboats' engines often feature two of each critical part for redundancy.[citation needed]
A tugboat's power is typically stated by its engine's horsepower and its overall Bollard pull.
Tugboats are highly maneuverable, and various propulsion systems have been developed to increase maneuverability and increase safety. The earliest tugs were fitted with paddle wheels, but these were soon replaced by propeller-driven tugs. Kort nozzles have been added to increase thrust per kW/hp. This was followed by the nozzle-rudder, which omitted the need for a conventional rudder. The cycloidal propeller was developed prior to World War II but was only occasionally used in tugs because of its maneuverability. After World War II it was also linked to safety due to the development of the Voith Water Tractor, a tugboat configuration which could not be pulled over by its tow. In the late 1950s, the Z-drive or (azimuth thruster) was developed. Although sometimes referred to as the Schottel system, many brands exist: Schottel, Z-Peller, Duckpeller, Thrustmaster, Ulstein, Wärtsilä, etc. The propulsion systems are used on tugboats designed for tasks such as ship docking and marine construction. Conventional propeller/rudder configurations are more efficient for port-to-port towing.
